{
 "name": "AI laws and rules tracker",
 "publisher": "AI-Generative Signal",
 "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/trackers/ai-laws",
 "updatedAt": "2026-11-12T22:23:42.958Z",
 "note": "Summaries of our reporting, not legal advice. Each entry links to our story and the original sources it cites.",
 "rules": [
  {
   "title": "CMA requirement on Google’s search business for publisher controls over AI uses",
   "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/trackers/ai-laws/uk-cma-requirement-on-google-s-search-business-for-publisher-controls-over-ai-uses",
   "jurisdiction": "UK",
   "jurisdictionName": "United Kingdom",
   "level": "country",
   "locality": null,
   "place": "United Kingdom",
   "type": "regulation",
   "status": "in force",
   "keyDates": {},
   "summary": "The UK Competition and Markets Authority imposed a requirement on Google’s search business to give publishers controls over whether their content powers AI search features, including an option to exclude content from AI-model fine-tuning. The regulator described the measure as strengthening publishers’ bargaining position over content deals.",
   "whatItRequires": [
    "Give publishers controls over whether their content powers AI search features.",
    "Provide an option to exclude publisher content from AI-model fine-tuning."
   ],
   "whoItAffects": "Google’s search business must provide the controls to publishers.",
   "story": {
    "title": "Meta Pauses Commercial Terms Update After Website AI-Training Objections",
    "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/meta-pauses-commercial-terms-update-after-website-ai-training-objections",
    "publishedOn": "2026-11-08"
   },
   "sources": [
    "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/meta-pauses-commercial-terms-update-after-website-ai-training-objections",
    "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cma-secures-fairer-deal-for-publishers-and-improves-google-search-services-in-uk"
   ],
   "sourceLinks": [
    {
     "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/meta-pauses-commercial-terms-update-after-website-ai-training-objections",
     "label": "Our story (2026-11-08)"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cma-secures-fairer-deal-for-publishers-and-improves-google-search-services-in-uk",
     "label": "Publisher controls over Google’s AI search uses and model fine-tuning"
    }
   ],
   "timeline": [
    {
     "date": "2026-06-03",
     "reportedOn": "2026-11-08",
     "description": "The UK Competition and Markets Authority imposed the requirement on Google’s search business.",
     "story": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/meta-pauses-commercial-terms-update-after-website-ai-training-objections",
     "sourceLinks": [
      {
       "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cma-secures-fairer-deal-for-publishers-and-improves-google-search-services-in-uk",
       "label": "gov.uk"
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "updatedAt": "2026-11-12T22:23:42.958Z"
  },
  {
   "title": "Digital Omnibus on AI (Regulation (EU) 2026/1744)",
   "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/trackers/ai-laws/eu-digital-omnibus-on-ai-regulation-eu-2026-1744",
   "jurisdiction": "EU",
   "jurisdictionName": "European Union",
   "level": "region",
   "locality": null,
   "place": "European Union",
   "type": "regulation",
   "status": "in force",
   "keyDates": {},
   "summary": "This amendment pushed back several high-risk AI deadlines while leaving most Article 50 transparency duties unchanged. Providers of generative AI systems placed on the market before 2 August 2026 have until 2 December 2026 to add machine-readable marking to their outputs. The article does not specify the revised high-risk deadlines.",
   "whatItRequires": [
    "Providers of generative AI systems placed on the market before 2 August 2026 must add machine-readable output marking by 2 December 2026."
   ],
   "whoItAffects": "Providers of generative AI systems placed on the market before 2 August 2026.",
   "story": {
    "title": "EU's Sweeping AI Content Transparency Rules Now Active Across the Bloc",
    "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu's-sweeping-ai-content-transparency-rules-now-active-across-the-bloc",
    "publishedOn": "2026-11-07"
   },
   "sources": [
    "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu's-sweeping-ai-content-transparency-rules-now-active-across-the-bloc",
    "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj/eng",
    "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/transparency-obligations-under-article-50-ai-act"
   ],
   "sourceLinks": [
    {
     "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu's-sweeping-ai-content-transparency-rules-now-active-across-the-bloc",
     "label": "Our story (2026-11-07)"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj/eng",
     "label": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus on AI"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/transparency-obligations-under-article-50-ai-act",
     "label": "Transparency obligations under Article 50 of the AI Act (FAQ"
    }
   ],
   "timeline": [
    {
     "date": null,
     "reportedOn": "2026-11-07",
     "description": "The amendment postponed several high-risk deadlines and extended the machine-readable marking deadline for previously marketed generative AI systems.",
     "story": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu's-sweeping-ai-content-transparency-rules-now-active-across-the-bloc",
     "sourceLinks": [
      {
       "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj/eng",
       "label": "eur-lex.europa.eu"
      },
      {
       "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/transparency-obligations-under-article-50-ai-act",
       "label": "digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu"
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "updatedAt": "2026-11-12T22:23:42.909Z"
  },
  {
   "title": "Code of Practice on marking and labelling AI-generated content",
   "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/trackers/ai-laws/eu-code-of-practice-on-marking-and-labelling-ai-generated-content",
   "jurisdiction": "EU",
   "jurisdictionName": "European Union",
   "level": "region",
   "locality": null,
   "place": "European Union",
   "type": "voluntary standard",
   "status": "in force",
   "keyDates": {},
   "summary": "The Commission published a final voluntary code with provider measures for marking and detection, deployer measures for labelling, and EU labelling icons. The Commission and AI Board assessed it as adequate for demonstrating compliance with the covered Article 50 duties. It does not cover chatbot disclosure or emotion-recognition notices, and non-signatories must demonstrate compliance by other means.",
   "whatItRequires": [],
   "whoItAffects": "AI providers and deployers choosing to use the voluntary code to demonstrate compliance with AI-content marking and labelling duties.",
   "story": {
    "title": "EU's Sweeping AI Content Transparency Rules Now Active Across the Bloc",
    "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu's-sweeping-ai-content-transparency-rules-now-active-across-the-bloc",
    "publishedOn": "2026-11-07"
   },
   "sources": [
    "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu's-sweeping-ai-content-transparency-rules-now-active-across-the-bloc",
    "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-publishes-code-practice-marking-and-labelling-ai-generated-content",
    "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/strong-backing-code-practice-transparency-ai-generated-content",
    "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/transparency-obligations-under-article-50-ai-act"
   ],
   "sourceLinks": [
    {
     "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu's-sweeping-ai-content-transparency-rules-now-active-across-the-bloc",
     "label": "Our story (2026-11-07)"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-publishes-code-practice-marking-and-labelling-ai-generated-content",
     "label": "Commission publishes Code of Practice on marking and labelling AI-generated content"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/strong-backing-code-practice-transparency-ai-generated-content",
     "label": "Strong backing for the Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-generated Content"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/transparency-obligations-under-article-50-ai-act",
     "label": "Transparency obligations under Article 50 of the AI Act (FAQ"
    }
   ],
   "timeline": [
    {
     "date": "2026-06-10",
     "reportedOn": "2026-11-07",
     "description": "The Commission published the final code; the article also reports that the Commission and AI Board assessed it as adequate.",
     "story": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu's-sweeping-ai-content-transparency-rules-now-active-across-the-bloc",
     "sourceLinks": [
      {
       "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-publishes-code-practice-marking-and-labelling-ai-generated-content",
       "label": "digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu"
      },
      {
       "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/strong-backing-code-practice-transparency-ai-generated-content",
       "label": "digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu"
      },
      {
       "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/transparency-obligations-under-article-50-ai-act",
       "label": "digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu"
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "updatedAt": "2026-11-12T22:23:42.874Z"
  },
  {
   "title": "EU AI Act — Article 50",
   "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/trackers/ai-laws/eu-eu-ai-act-article-50",
   "jurisdiction": "EU",
   "jurisdictionName": "European Union",
   "level": "region",
   "locality": null,
   "place": "European Union",
   "type": "regulation",
   "status": "in force",
   "keyDates": {
    "effective": "2026-08-02"
   },
   "summary": "Article 50 requires AI providers and professional deployers to give specified AI interaction notices and mark or disclose synthetic content. Its transparency duties apply, except that an amendment gives providers of generative AI systems marketed before 2 August 2026 until 2 December 2026 to add machine-readable output marking. Breaches can lead to fines.",
   "whatItRequires": [
    "Providers must make people aware that they are interacting directly with AI, unless this is obvious from the context.",
    "Providers must mark synthetic audio, images, video and text in a machine-readable way, with exceptions for standard editing and systems that do not substantially alter input.",
    "Deployers must disclose image, audio and video deepfakes at first exposure; hidden watermarks alone are insufficient, and creative works have flexible disclosure arrangements.",
    "Deployers must disclose AI-generated or AI-manipulated public-interest text unless it undergoes human review or editorial control with editorial responsibility.",
    "Deployers of emotion recognition and biometric categorisation systems must inform exposed people, subject to narrow legally authorised crime-related exceptions.",
    "Disclosures must be clear, distinguishable and accessible, and provided no later than the first interaction or exposure."
   ],
   "whoItAffects": "AI providers, including those outside the EU placing systems on the market under their own name or trademark, and professional deployers; purely personal, non-professional use is excluded.",
   "story": {
    "title": "EU's Sweeping AI Content Transparency Rules Now Active Across the Bloc",
    "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu's-sweeping-ai-content-transparency-rules-now-active-across-the-bloc",
    "publishedOn": "2026-11-07"
   },
   "sources": [
    "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu's-sweeping-ai-content-transparency-rules-now-active-across-the-bloc",
    "https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/50/",
    "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/transparency-obligations-under-article-50-ai-act",
    "https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/99/",
    "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj/eng"
   ],
   "sourceLinks": [
    {
     "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu's-sweeping-ai-content-transparency-rules-now-active-across-the-bloc",
     "label": "Our story (2026-11-07)"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/50/",
     "label": "Article 50: Transparency obligations (AI Act text"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/transparency-obligations-under-article-50-ai-act",
     "label": "Transparency obligations under Article 50 of the AI Act (FAQ"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/99/",
     "label": "Article 99: Penalties (AI Act text"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj/eng",
     "label": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus on AI"
    }
   ],
   "timeline": [
    {
     "date": "2026-08-02",
     "reportedOn": "2026-11-07",
     "description": "Article 50 transparency duties began applying, subject to the narrow extension for machine-readable marking of outputs from previously marketed generative AI systems.",
     "story": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu's-sweeping-ai-content-transparency-rules-now-active-across-the-bloc",
     "sourceLinks": [
      {
       "url": "https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/50/",
       "label": "artificialintelligenceact.eu"
      },
      {
       "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/transparency-obligations-under-article-50-ai-act",
       "label": "digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu"
      },
      {
       "url": "https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/99/",
       "label": "artificialintelligenceact.eu"
      },
      {
       "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj/eng",
       "label": "eur-lex.europa.eu"
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "updatedAt": "2026-11-12T22:23:42.836Z"
  },
  {
   "title": "Assembly Bill 1405 — AI auditor registry and standards",
   "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/trackers/ai-laws/us-california-assembly-bill-1405-ai-auditor-registry-and-standards",
   "jurisdiction": "US-California",
   "jurisdictionName": "California, US",
   "level": "state",
   "locality": null,
   "place": "California, US",
   "type": "law",
   "status": "passed",
   "keyDates": {
    "passed": "2026-09-09"
   },
   "summary": "Assembly Bill 1405 creates a California registry for AI auditors and standards concerning their independence, transparency and integrity. The article briefly describes the law and reports that the executive order accelerates implementation steps for its auditor framework.",
   "whatItRequires": [
    "Establish a state registry for AI auditors.",
    "Set standards concerning AI auditors’ independence, transparency and integrity."
   ],
   "whoItAffects": "The framework concerns AI auditors in California.",
   "story": {
    "title": "Newsom Orders California Review of Frontier-AI Safeguards, Including a Potential Kill Switch",
    "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/newsom-orders-california-review-of-frontier-ai-safeguards-including-a-potential-kill-switch",
    "publishedOn": "2026-09-19"
   },
   "sources": [
    "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/newsom-orders-california-review-of-frontier-ai-safeguards-including-a-potential-kill-switch",
    "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/09/governor-newsom-signs-first-in-the-nation-ai-safeguards-to-protect-californians-calls-on-the-federal-government-to-do-its-part/",
    "https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf"
   ],
   "sourceLinks": [
    {
     "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/newsom-orders-california-review-of-frontier-ai-safeguards-including-a-potential-kill-switch",
     "label": "Our story (2026-09-19)"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/09/governor-newsom-signs-first-in-the-nation-ai-safeguards-to-protect-californians-calls-on-the-federal-government-to-do-its-part/",
     "label": "California Governor"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf",
     "label": "California Governor"
    }
   ],
   "timeline": [
    {
     "date": "2026-09-18",
     "reportedOn": "2026-09-19",
     "description": "The executive order accelerated implementation steps for the AI-auditor framework, following the law’s signing on September 9.",
     "story": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/newsom-orders-california-review-of-frontier-ai-safeguards-including-a-potential-kill-switch",
     "sourceLinks": [
      {
       "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/09/governor-newsom-signs-first-in-the-nation-ai-safeguards-to-protect-californians-calls-on-the-federal-government-to-do-its-part/",
       "label": "gov.ca.gov"
      },
      {
       "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf",
       "label": "gov.ca.gov"
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "updatedAt": "2026-11-12T22:23:42.787Z"
  },
  {
   "title": "Senate Bill 813 — AI independent verification framework",
   "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/trackers/ai-laws/us-california-senate-bill-813-ai-independent-verification-framework",
   "jurisdiction": "US-California",
   "jurisdictionName": "California, US",
   "level": "state",
   "locality": null,
   "place": "California, US",
   "type": "law",
   "status": "passed",
   "keyDates": {
    "passed": "2026-09-09"
   },
   "summary": "Senate Bill 813 establishes a framework for independent verification organizations that can assess AI systems and models for safety and risk. The article briefly describes the law and reports that the executive order accelerates its implementation.",
   "whatItRequires": [],
   "whoItAffects": "The framework concerns independent verification organizations assessing AI systems and models.",
   "story": {
    "title": "Newsom Orders California Review of Frontier-AI Safeguards, Including a Potential Kill Switch",
    "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/newsom-orders-california-review-of-frontier-ai-safeguards-including-a-potential-kill-switch",
    "publishedOn": "2026-09-19"
   },
   "sources": [
    "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/newsom-orders-california-review-of-frontier-ai-safeguards-including-a-potential-kill-switch",
    "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/09/governor-newsom-signs-first-in-the-nation-ai-safeguards-to-protect-californians-calls-on-the-federal-government-to-do-its-part/",
    "https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf"
   ],
   "sourceLinks": [
    {
     "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/newsom-orders-california-review-of-frontier-ai-safeguards-including-a-potential-kill-switch",
     "label": "Our story (2026-09-19)"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/09/governor-newsom-signs-first-in-the-nation-ai-safeguards-to-protect-californians-calls-on-the-federal-government-to-do-its-part/",
     "label": "California Governor"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf",
     "label": "California Governor"
    }
   ],
   "timeline": [
    {
     "date": "2026-09-18",
     "reportedOn": "2026-09-19",
     "description": "The executive order accelerated implementation of the independent verification framework, following the law’s signing on September 9.",
     "story": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/newsom-orders-california-review-of-frontier-ai-safeguards-including-a-potential-kill-switch",
     "sourceLinks": [
      {
       "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/09/governor-newsom-signs-first-in-the-nation-ai-safeguards-to-protect-californians-calls-on-the-federal-government-to-do-its-part/",
       "label": "gov.ca.gov"
      },
      {
       "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf",
       "label": "gov.ca.gov"
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "updatedAt": "2026-11-12T22:23:42.749Z"
  },
  {
   "title": "CMA requirements for Google’s generative-AI search features",
   "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/trackers/ai-laws/uk-cma-requirements-for-google-s-generative-ai-search-features",
   "jurisdiction": "UK",
   "jurisdictionName": "United Kingdom",
   "level": "country",
   "locality": null,
   "place": "United Kingdom",
   "type": "regulation",
   "status": "in force",
   "keyDates": {
    "passed": "2026-06-03"
   },
   "summary": "Britain’s Competition and Markets Authority imposed requirements giving publishers more control over Google’s use of their content in generative-AI search features. The requirements also address attribution, source links and information about content use and engagement, under Britain’s digital-markets regime.",
   "whatItRequires": [
    "Give publishers control over the use of their content in Google’s generative-AI search features, including an opt-out.",
    "Provide clearer attribution and links to source material.",
    "Provide understandable information about how Google uses publishers’ search content.",
    "Provide detailed metrics on user engagement with publishers’ content in generative-AI search features."
   ],
   "whoItAffects": "Google must comply, and publishers receive greater control and information about the use of their content.",
   "story": {
    "title": "Judge Dismisses Chegg and Penske Antitrust Lawsuits Over Google’s AI Search",
    "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/judge-dismisses-chegg-and-penske-antitrust-lawsuits-over-google%E2%80%99s-ai-search",
    "publishedOn": "2026-10-02"
   },
   "sources": [
    "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/judge-dismisses-chegg-and-penske-antitrust-lawsuits-over-google’s-ai-search",
    "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cma-secures-fairer-deal-for-publishers-and-improves-google-search-services-in-uk",
    "https://www.gov.uk/find-digital-markets-measures/google-search-publisher-conduct-requirement"
   ],
   "sourceLinks": [
    {
     "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/judge-dismisses-chegg-and-penske-antitrust-lawsuits-over-google’s-ai-search",
     "label": "Our story (2026-10-02)"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cma-secures-fairer-deal-for-publishers-and-improves-google-search-services-in-uk",
     "label": "GOV.UK"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://www.gov.uk/find-digital-markets-measures/google-search-publisher-conduct-requirement",
     "label": "GOV.UK"
    }
   ],
   "timeline": [
    {
     "date": "2026-06-03",
     "reportedOn": "2026-10-02",
     "description": "Britain’s Competition and Markets Authority imposed the publisher-control and transparency requirements.",
     "story": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/judge-dismisses-chegg-and-penske-antitrust-lawsuits-over-google%E2%80%99s-ai-search",
     "sourceLinks": [
      {
       "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cma-secures-fairer-deal-for-publishers-and-improves-google-search-services-in-uk",
       "label": "gov.uk"
      },
      {
       "url": "https://www.gov.uk/find-digital-markets-measures/google-search-publisher-conduct-requirement",
       "label": "gov.uk"
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "updatedAt": "2026-11-12T22:23:42.708Z"
  },
  {
   "title": "Digital Services Act (DSA) — ChatGPT VLOSE requirements",
   "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/trackers/ai-laws/eu-digital-services-act-dsa-chatgpt-vlose-requirements",
   "jurisdiction": "EU",
   "jurisdictionName": "European Union",
   "level": "region",
   "locality": null,
   "place": "European Union",
   "type": "regulation",
   "status": "in force",
   "keyDates": {},
   "summary": "The European Commission designated ChatGPT a Very Large Online Search Engine under the Digital Services Act, bringing it under enhanced requirements for assessing and reducing systemic risks from its service and algorithmic systems. The designation adds independent audits, researcher data access and direct Commission supervision. The Commission’s notice sets January 2027 as OpenAI’s deadline to comply with the additional requirements.",
   "whatItRequires": [
    "Assess systemic risks from the service and its algorithmic systems, including effects on minors, well-being, fundamental rights, elections and public security.",
    "Put measures in place to mitigate identified systemic risks.",
    "Provide readable, multilingual terms and conditions.",
    "Maintain a crisis-response mechanism.",
    "Undergo independent audits.",
    "Provide researchers access to publicly accessible data without undue delay and meet data-access obligations for vetted researchers studying systemic risks."
   ],
   "whoItAffects": "OpenAI must comply with the additional requirements applicable to ChatGPT as a designated Very Large Online Search Engine in the EU.",
   "story": {
    "title": "EU Designates ChatGPT a Very Large Online Search Engine, Triggering Tougher DSA Duties",
    "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu-designates-chatgpt-a-very-large-online-search-engine-triggering-tougher-dsa-duties",
    "publishedOn": "2026-09-01"
   },
   "sources": [
    "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu-designates-chatgpt-a-very-large-online-search-engine-triggering-tougher-dsa-duties",
    "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-designates-chatgpt-reddit-roblox-under-digital-services-act",
    "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/digital-services-act-questions-and-answers?utm_source=openai",
    "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/dsa-enforcement?utm_source=openai",
    "https://help.openai.com/en/articles/8959649-eu-digital-services-act-dsa"
   ],
   "sourceLinks": [
    {
     "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu-designates-chatgpt-a-very-large-online-search-engine-triggering-tougher-dsa-duties",
     "label": "Our story (2026-09-01)"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-designates-chatgpt-reddit-roblox-under-digital-services-act",
     "label": "European Commission"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/digital-services-act-questions-and-answers?utm_source=openai",
     "label": "European Commission"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/dsa-enforcement?utm_source=openai",
     "label": "European Commission"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://help.openai.com/en/articles/8959649-eu-digital-services-act-dsa",
     "label": "OpenAI"
    }
   ],
   "timeline": [
    {
     "date": "2026-08-31",
     "reportedOn": "2026-09-01",
     "description": "The European Commission designated ChatGPT a Very Large Online Search Engine, triggering additional DSA obligations and direct Commission supervision.",
     "story": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/eu-designates-chatgpt-a-very-large-online-search-engine-triggering-tougher-dsa-duties",
     "sourceLinks": [
      {
       "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-designates-chatgpt-reddit-roblox-under-digital-services-act",
       "label": "digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu"
      },
      {
       "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/digital-services-act-questions-and-answers?utm_source=openai",
       "label": "digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu"
      },
      {
       "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/dsa-enforcement?utm_source=openai",
       "label": "digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu"
      },
      {
       "url": "https://help.openai.com/en/articles/8959649-eu-digital-services-act-dsa",
       "label": "help.openai.com"
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "updatedAt": "2026-11-12T22:23:42.659Z"
  },
  {
   "title": "Interactive Advertising Bureau AI disclosure framework",
   "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/trackers/ai-laws/global-interactive-advertising-bureau-ai-disclosure-framework",
   "jurisdiction": "Global",
   "jurisdictionName": "Global",
   "level": "industry-standard",
   "locality": null,
   "place": "Global",
   "type": "voluntary standard",
   "status": "in force",
   "keyDates": {},
   "summary": "The Interactive Advertising Bureau released an AI disclosure framework favoring risk-based disclosure rather than universal labeling. It focuses on AI use that materially affects authenticity, identity or representation in ways that could mislead consumers, combining consumer-facing notices with machine-readable provenance information. It is industry guidance, not Pennsylvania law.",
   "whatItRequires": [
    "Recommends risk-based disclosure for AI use that materially affects authenticity, identity or representation in ways that could mislead consumers.",
    "Combines consumer-facing notices with machine-readable information about content provenance."
   ],
   "whoItAffects": "The framework addresses marketers and technology builders working with AI-generated advertising content.",
   "story": {
    "title": "Pennsylvania Enacts AI Ad Disclosure Law With Text-Only Exception",
    "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/pennsylvania-enacts-ai-ad-disclosure-law-with-text-only-exception",
    "publishedOn": "2026-10-24"
   },
   "sources": [
    "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/pennsylvania-enacts-ai-ad-disclosure-law-with-text-only-exception",
    "https://www.iab.com/news/iab-releases-industrys-first-ai-transparency-and-disclosure-framework-to-guide-responsible-advertising-in-a-generative-ai-landscape/"
   ],
   "sourceLinks": [
    {
     "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/pennsylvania-enacts-ai-ad-disclosure-law-with-text-only-exception",
     "label": "Our story (2026-10-24)"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://www.iab.com/news/iab-releases-industrys-first-ai-transparency-and-disclosure-framework-to-guide-responsible-advertising-in-a-generative-ai-landscape/",
     "label": "Interactive Advertising Bureau"
    }
   ],
   "timeline": [
    {
     "date": "2026-01-15",
     "reportedOn": "2026-10-24",
     "description": "The Interactive Advertising Bureau released the AI disclosure framework.",
     "story": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/pennsylvania-enacts-ai-ad-disclosure-law-with-text-only-exception",
     "sourceLinks": [
      {
       "url": "https://www.iab.com/news/iab-releases-industrys-first-ai-transparency-and-disclosure-framework-to-guide-responsible-advertising-in-a-generative-ai-landscape/",
       "label": "iab.com"
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "updatedAt": "2026-11-12T22:23:42.603Z"
  },
  {
   "title": "Executive Order N-9-26 on frontier-AI safeguards",
   "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/trackers/ai-laws/us-california-executive-order-n-9-26-on-frontier-ai-safeguards",
   "jurisdiction": "US-California",
   "jurisdictionName": "California, US",
   "level": "state",
   "locality": null,
   "place": "California, US",
   "type": "executive order",
   "status": "in force",
   "keyDates": {
    "passed": "2026-09-18"
   },
   "summary": "The order directs California officials to develop recommendations on stronger frontier-AI safeguards, including independently verified emergency shutdown mechanisms, onsite audits and expanded incident reporting. It also sets deadlines for implementing AI-verification and auditor frameworks. It does not itself impose new shutdown or audit requirements on AI companies.",
   "whatItRequires": [
    "State officials must deliver recommendations on stronger frontier-AI safeguards by November 16.",
    "The review must assess onsite independent audits at large frontier developers and independent verification of their safety frameworks, transparency reports and risk assessments.",
    "The review must consider requiring emergency shutdown mechanisms for frontier models and ongoing independent verification of their effectiveness.",
    "The review must consider expanding reportable critical safety incidents to include loss-of-control incidents.",
    "The Government Operations Agency must publish application requirements, procedures and criteria for independent verification organizations by May 1, 2027.",
    "The Government Operations Agency must complete a statutory AI-auditor implementation step and begin required follow-on actions by December 1, 2027."
   ],
   "whoItAffects": "The order directs the California Government Operations Agency, working with the Governor’s Office of Emergency Services and national experts, without creating new compliance duties for private AI companies or enterprise buyers.",
   "story": {
    "title": "Newsom Orders California Review of Frontier-AI Safeguards, Including a Potential Kill Switch",
    "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/newsom-orders-california-review-of-frontier-ai-safeguards-including-a-potential-kill-switch",
    "publishedOn": "2026-09-19"
   },
   "sources": [
    "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/newsom-orders-california-review-of-frontier-ai-safeguards-including-a-potential-kill-switch",
    "https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf"
   ],
   "sourceLinks": [
    {
     "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/newsom-orders-california-review-of-frontier-ai-safeguards-including-a-potential-kill-switch",
     "label": "Our story (2026-09-19)"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf",
     "label": "California Governor"
    }
   ],
   "timeline": [
    {
     "date": "2026-09-18",
     "reportedOn": "2026-09-19",
     "description": "Governor Gavin Newsom issued the order directing a frontier-AI safeguards review and accelerating implementation of independent AI-verification and auditor frameworks.",
     "story": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/newsom-orders-california-review-of-frontier-ai-safeguards-including-a-potential-kill-switch",
     "sourceLinks": [
      {
       "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf",
       "label": "gov.ca.gov"
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "updatedAt": "2026-11-12T22:23:42.534Z"
  },
  {
   "title": "Artificial Intelligence Deceptive Advertising Act (Senate Bill 806)",
   "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/trackers/ai-laws/us-pennsylvania-artificial-intelligence-deceptive-advertising-act-senate-bill-806",
   "jurisdiction": "US-Pennsylvania",
   "jurisdictionName": "Pennsylvania, US",
   "level": "state",
   "locality": null,
   "place": "Pennsylvania, US",
   "type": "law",
   "status": "passed",
   "keyDates": {
    "passed": "2026-10-22",
    "effective": "2026-12-21"
   },
   "summary": "Pennsylvania's law requires clear disclosures for advertisements using AI-generated or significantly modified content that creates a false consumer perception about the nature, origin or authenticity of advertised goods or services. It exempts text-only content, evidently fictional content, and parody, satire, commentary or criticism, rather than requiring labels on all AI-assisted advertising. Enforcement rests with the attorney general and district attorneys; the act does not create a private right of action.",
   "whatItRequires": [
    "Do not create and distribute, or cause the creation and distribution of, covered advertisements without clear and conspicuous disclosure.",
    "State that the advertisement “contains content that was modified or generated using artificial intelligence.”",
    "Present the disclosure when the synthetic content is first presented.",
    "Use the same medium for the disclosure as for the synthetic content.",
    "Where technically feasible, make the disclosure permanent or extraordinarily difficult to remove."
   ],
   "whoItAffects": "Advertisers creating and distributing, or causing the creation and distribution of, covered advertisements must comply, protecting consumers from false perceptions about advertised goods or services.",
   "story": {
    "title": "Pennsylvania Enacts AI Ad Disclosure Law With Text-Only Exception",
    "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/pennsylvania-enacts-ai-ad-disclosure-law-with-text-only-exception",
    "publishedOn": "2026-10-24"
   },
   "sources": [
    "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/pennsylvania-enacts-ai-ad-disclosure-law-with-text-only-exception",
    "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/2025/sb806",
    "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/text/PDF/2025/0/SB0806/PN1808"
   ],
   "sourceLinks": [
    {
     "url": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/pennsylvania-enacts-ai-ad-disclosure-law-with-text-only-exception",
     "label": "Our story (2026-10-24)"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/2025/sb806",
     "label": "Pennsylvania General Assembly"
    },
    {
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/text/PDF/2025/0/SB0806/PN1808",
     "label": "Pennsylvania General Assembly: final bill text"
    }
   ],
   "timeline": [
    {
     "date": "2026-10-22",
     "reportedOn": "2026-10-24",
     "description": "Governor Josh Shapiro signed the Artificial Intelligence Deceptive Advertising Act into law.",
     "story": "https://www.ai-generative.org/news/pennsylvania-enacts-ai-ad-disclosure-law-with-text-only-exception",
     "sourceLinks": [
      {
       "url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/2025/sb806",
       "label": "palegis.us"
      },
      {
       "url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/text/PDF/2025/0/SB0806/PN1808",
       "label": "palegis.us"
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "updatedAt": "2026-11-12T22:23:42.464Z"
  }
 ]
}